Patterns for the Pragmatic Web

The Semantic Web plays an important role in making the Web more relevant.  In this web, data and rules for reasoning about data are systematically described, after which they can be shared and used by distributed agents. The main components implementing this Web vision include techniques such as XML, for adding arbitrary structures to documents; RDF, to express meaning by simple statements about things having properties with values; and ontologies, to formally describe concepts and their relations. A typical ontology, in the sense of being an explicit specification of a conceptualization (Gruber, 1994), consists of a taxonomy with a set of inference rules.

The Semantic Web is necessary, but not sufficient to provide better technological support for online communities. Web services cannot be described independently of how they are used, because communities of practice use services in novel, unexpected ways. Although semantics are very important to create more 'intelligent'  web services, what has been lacking so far is some formal notion of context of use. As Piers Young summarizes it, "that's where the problem of effectiveness starts getting addressed."  Contextual elements like the community of use, its objectives and communicative interactions are thus important starting points for conceptualizing the pragmatic layer.

In my invited talk at ICCS 2005, I presented a conceptual model of the Web, which distinguishes between the Syntactic Web, the Semantic Web, and the Pragmatic Web.

The Syntactic Web consists of interrelated syntactic information resources, such as documents and web pages linked by HTML references. These resources describe many different domains.

The Semantic Web consists of a collection of semantic resources about the Syntactic Web, mainly in the form of ontologies. The ontologies contain semantic networks of concepts, relations, and rules that define the meaning of particular information resources.

The Pragmatic Web consists of a set of pragmatic contexts of semantic resources. A pragmatic context consists of a common context and a set of individual contexts. A common context is defined by the common concepts and conceptual definitions of interest to a community, the communicative interactions in which these concepts are defined and used, and a set of common context parameters (relevant properties of concepts, joint goals, communicative situation, and so on). Each community member also has an individual context, consisting of individual concepts, definitions of interest, and individual context parameters.

Meaning evolution plays a central role in connecting the various Webs. Two meaning evolution processes pertaining to the Syntactic and Semantic Web are meaning assignment and meaning alignment.

• Meaning assignment takes place when syntactic resources are semantically enriched, such as by XML-tags being added to HTML-pages.
• Meaning alignment has to do with interoperability between ontologies: to what extent do their semantic models agree? How can (parts of) ontologies be meaningfully linked? How to deal with definitions that partially overlap in meaning? Much recent work (e.g. Corbett, 2004) addresses these – very hard – issues. Such meaning alignment problems mostly focus on modeling representational and evolutionary aspects of ontologies.

However, as we have seen, what needs separate attention are issues of ontology use. Three meaning evolution processes associated with the Pragmatic Web and its interaction with the Semantic Web are meaning selection, meaning representation, and meaning negotiation.

• Assessing the consequences of semantic choices in a particular pragmatic context implies that there needs to be some user-controlled meaning selection process of semantic  representations. In such a process, the members of the community, who use the knowledge for a particular purpose, are actively involved.
• Community-accepted changes in the implicit meaning of concepts should in the end also lead to changes in the meaning representation in ontologies. For instance, if users always ask for concepts that are not, or only insufficiently, described in an ontology, it may be worthwhile to add this concept to the ontology.
• Meaning selection and representation processes, however, do not occur in isolation, but are driven by a meaning negotiation process in a specific community of users. In such a process, stakeholders arrive at the requisite (as determined by their shared goals) amount of agreement on shared concepts.   

In my paper, I show how these processes could be efficiently supported using pragmatic patterns based on conceptual graphs. The details of this approach you can find there, important to stress here is that  this approach is an example of the shift in research attention from creating ever more 'smart' data to the communities of  human beings, who are the most 'intelligent agents' after all! :-)

References

  - D. Corbett (2004), Interoperability of Ontologies Using Conceptual Graph Theory. In Proc. of the 12th Intl. Conference on Conceptual Structures (ICCS 2004), Huntsville, AL, USA, July 2004, LNAI 3127. Springer, Berlin, pp. 375-387.
- T. Gruber (1994), Towards Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing. In N. Guarino and R. Poli (eds.) Formal Ontology in Conceptual Analysis and Knowledge Representation. Kluwer

Comments

[Irina Neaga]

Dear Aldo,
I was thinking to ask you if so-called design patterns (originally defined by Gamma: http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0201633612/ref=sib_dp_pt/002-1532532-9230463#reader-link
and widely used in software engineering for building reusable components using OO modeling) may also fit the requirements of Pragmatic Web?

However a possible answer to my potential question I have found in this paper:
http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~apreece/ebiweb/papers/staab.pdf
:-)
Thanks for additional details if possible.
Kind Regards,
Irina

[Aldo de Moor]

Dear Irina. Yes, design patterns are very important elements of the Pragmatic Web, as also pointed out in my paper. However, the design patterns you refer to, are closer to technical patterns. The real challenge for the PW is to focus more on developing the higher-level, _socio_-technical design patterns. These patterns take into account fuzzier aspects, like community and individual goals, social norms etc.

[keskes nabil]

Dear Aldo,
before I begin, I thank you ,I want examples of the individual ontologies of contexts and ontologies for semantic web ,because i want simulate the negotiation of meaning.

thank you very much